Conditions for the Successor of the Prophet (s) - Revision history

Rezvani at 14:27, 11 March 2025

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	[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]		[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]
	[[ps:د پیغمبر(ص) د جانشین شرطونه]]		[[ps:د پیغمبر(ص) د جانشین شرطونه]]

Nazarzadeh at 11:21, 1 March 2025

2025-03-01T11:21:33Z

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	[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]		[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]
	[[ps:د پیغمبر(ص) د جانشین شرطونه]]		[[ps:د پیغمبر(ص) د جانشین شرطونه]]

Hamedhakimipoor: /* References */

2025-02-28T22:36:08Z

References

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			[[ps:د پیغمبر(ص) د جانشین شرطونه]]

Hamedhakimipoor: /* References */

2025-02-21T14:46:32Z

References

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	[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]		[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]

Hamedhakimipoor at 14:32, 19 February 2025

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	=== Infallibility ===		=== Infallibility ===
	{{Main ~~article~~\|Infallibility}}		{{Main\|Infallibility}}
	The Imam and the caliph must be [[infallible]], meaning they are free from sins, errors, and faults. If the Imam is not infallible, trust in Islamic law would be undermined; indeed, if the guardian of the religion commits a sin or error, they could add elements to the religion and attribute them to [[God]], or render unjust judgments. Moreover, since ordinary people are prone to error and need someone to prevent them from committing sins and mistakes and to guide them on the right path, if the Imam were also prone to error, this would contradict the very purpose of their role.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 35, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>		The Imam and the caliph must be [[infallible]], meaning they are free from sins, errors, and faults. If the Imam is not infallible, trust in Islamic law would be undermined; indeed, if the guardian of the religion commits a sin or error, they could add elements to the religion and attribute them to [[God]], or render unjust judgments. Moreover, since ordinary people are prone to error and need someone to prevent them from committing sins and mistakes and to guide them on the right path, if the Imam were also prone to error, this would contradict the very purpose of their role.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 35, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>

	=== Divine Investiture ===		=== Divine Investiture ===
	{{Main ~~article~~\|Divine Investiture}}		{{Main\|Divine Investiture}}

	The Imamate and caliphate represent God and the [[Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him]]; therefore, they must be established through explicit designation by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. Since their establishment is limited to divine designation, others do not have the right to appoint the Imam. Indeed, if the selection of the Imam were left to people's discretion, disputes would arise among them, with each group choosing and favoring their own candidate. Therefore, the Imam must necessarily be appointed by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 31, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>		The Imamate and caliphate represent God and the [[Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him]]; therefore, they must be established through explicit designation by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. Since their establishment is limited to divine designation, others do not have the right to appoint the Imam. Indeed, if the selection of the Imam were left to people's discretion, disputes would arise among them, with each group choosing and favoring their own candidate. Therefore, the Imam must necessarily be appointed by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 31, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>

	=== Knowledge ===		=== Knowledge ===
	{{Main ~~article~~\|The Knowledge of the Imam}}		{{Main\|The Knowledge of the Imam}}
	According to [[Shiite]] theologians, the Imam and the caliph of the Prophet peace and blessings of [[Allah]] be upon him must be knowledgeable in all matters that Muslims need, both religious and worldly, as the purpose of appointing the Imam is for Muslims to seek his guidance in resolving all their affairs. The [[Twelver Shiites]] believe that knowledge and competence in the matter of Imamate must be of the highest degree. Shiite sources maintain that the Imam must possess comprehensive and infallible knowledge of all Islamic sciences and laws, for without such knowledge, the purpose of the Imamate—the preservation and exposition of Islamic law—cannot be fully realized.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>		According to [[Shiite]] theologians, the Imam and the caliph of the Prophet peace and blessings of [[Allah]] be upon him must be knowledgeable in all matters that Muslims need, both religious and worldly, as the purpose of appointing the Imam is for Muslims to seek his guidance in resolving all their affairs. The [[Twelver Shiites]] believe that knowledge and competence in the matter of Imamate must be of the highest degree. Shiite sources maintain that the Imam must possess comprehensive and infallible knowledge of all Islamic sciences and laws, for without such knowledge, the purpose of the Imamate—the preservation and exposition of Islamic law—cannot be fully realized.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>

	=== Superiority ===		=== Superiority ===
	{{Main ~~article~~\|The Superiority of the Imam}}		{{Main\|The Superiority of the Imam}}
	The Imam must surpass all Muslims in virtuous qualities such as knowledge, wisdom, generosity, nobility, courage, [[Magnanimity\|magnanimity]], [[Justice\|justice]], piety, and devotion, and must be the most exemplary.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 32.</ref> The superiority of the Imam is a belief shared by certain sects, including the [[Zaydis]] and [[Ismailis]]. Furthermore, some scholars, like [[Mullā Ṣadrā]], maintain that the [[Imams]] are superior to all other creatures in their essence and occupy higher ranks in the hierarchy of creation.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>		The Imam must surpass all Muslims in virtuous qualities such as knowledge, wisdom, generosity, nobility, courage, [[Magnanimity\|magnanimity]], [[Justice\|justice]], piety, and devotion, and must be the most exemplary.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 32.</ref> The superiority of the Imam is a belief shared by certain sects, including the [[Zaydis]] and [[Ismailis]]. Furthermore, some scholars, like [[Mullā Ṣadrā]], maintain that the [[Imams]] are superior to all other creatures in their essence and occupy higher ranks in the hierarchy of creation.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>

Hamedhakimipoor: /* Rejection of Certain Conditions of the Imamate */

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Rejection of Certain Conditions of the Imamate

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	{{answer end}}		{{answer end}}
	~~{{مطالعه بیشتر}}~~

	== References ==		== References ==

Hamedhakimipoor: ابرابزار

2025-02-19T14:31:24Z

ابرابزار

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{{text start}}
{{question}}
What are the conditions that both Shiites and Sunnis consider necessary for the successor of the Prophet (s), and what are the differences between these two sects in this regard?
{{question end}}
{{portal|غدیر}}
{{answer}}
The Shiite philosopher and theologian, [[Khāja Nasīr ad-Dīn at-Tūsī]], in his book ''[[Risāla fi al-Imāma]]'' (Treatise on the Imamate), described the eight essential characteristics of the Imam: [[infallibility]] ('iṣma), knowledge of legislation and governance, courage, excellence in virtues, bodily and spiritual purity, closeness to God, the ability to perform [[miracles]], and unity of mission.

According to the [[Shiite]] view, the [[Imam]] must be designated by God to properly fulfill his responsibilities in guiding and preserving the religion. Therefore, it is impermissible for anyone to appoint such an individual to this role. Shiites consider infallibility as a key characteristic of the Imam, as without it, trust in divine legislation would be compromised.

[[Sunnis]] consider several conditions for the Imam, such as membership in the [[Quraysh tribe]], [[justice]] ('adāla), [[maturity]], and courage. However, there are differences regarding other qualities such as religious scholarship (''[[ijtihād]]'') and competence (''kifāya''). The majority of Sunnis insist that the Imam must be from the Quraysh tribe, although some groups, like the Khawārij and some Mu'tazilites, reject this condition. Sunnis believe that the Imam does not need to be infallible. Even if he commits mistakes, it remains obligatory to obey him. However, there are differences among Sunnis on this matter, and due to the absence of certain qualities in the first caliphs (Abū Bakr, 'Umar, and 'Uthmān), some consider these characteristics not to be essential for the Imam.

== Conditions of the Imam According to Shiites ==
Among Shiite theologians, [[Khwāja Naṣīr ad-Dīn at-Ṭūsī]] presents the most comprehensive list of the Imam's qualities in his treatise on the [[Imamate]]. He considers eight essential characteristics necessary for the Imam: [[Infallibility|infallibility]] ('iṣma), knowledge of Islamic law and governance, courage, excellence in character, freedom from physical, spiritual, and genealogical defects, closeness to God in terms of divine rewards in the afterlife, the ability to perform [[Miracles|miracles]] when needed, and uniqueness in the position of Imamate.<ref>Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn (1405 q), Talkhīṣ al-Muḥaṣṣal (in Arabic), Bayrūt: Dār al-Aḍwā’, ṣ 429-430.</ref>

The [[Twelver Shiites]] regard the [[caliphate]] and Imamate as divine positions, similar to [[prophethood]]. The responsibility of the caliph and Imam is to preserve Islamic law, articulate and propagate the religion, and address the issues of the Muslim community. Therefore, specific qualities are considered necessary for the Imam, such that if someone does not possess these qualities, they cannot be considered the Imam and successor of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>

=== Infallibility ===
{{Main article|Infallibility}}
The Imam and the caliph must be [[infallible]], meaning they are free from sins, errors, and faults. If the Imam is not infallible, trust in Islamic law would be undermined; indeed, if the guardian of the religion commits a sin or error, they could add elements to the religion and attribute them to [[God]], or render unjust judgments. Moreover, since ordinary people are prone to error and need someone to prevent them from committing sins and mistakes and to guide them on the right path, if the Imam were also prone to error, this would contradict the very purpose of their role.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 35, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>

=== Divine Investiture ===
{{Main article|Divine Investiture}}

The Imamate and caliphate represent God and the [[Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him]]; therefore, they must be established through explicit designation by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. Since their establishment is limited to divine designation, others do not have the right to appoint the Imam. Indeed, if the selection of the Imam were left to people's discretion, disputes would arise among them, with each group choosing and favoring their own candidate. Therefore, the Imam must necessarily be appointed by God and the Prophet peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 31, Nashr-e Ṣadūq, 1371 sh.</ref>

=== Knowledge ===
{{Main article|The Knowledge of the Imam}}
According to [[Shiite]] theologians, the Imam and the caliph of the Prophet peace and blessings of [[Allah]] be upon him must be knowledgeable in all matters that Muslims need, both religious and worldly, as the purpose of appointing the Imam is for Muslims to seek his guidance in resolving all their affairs. The [[Twelver Shiites]] believe that knowledge and competence in the matter of Imamate must be of the highest degree. Shiite sources maintain that the Imam must possess comprehensive and infallible knowledge of all Islamic sciences and laws, for without such knowledge, the purpose of the Imamate—the preservation and exposition of Islamic law—cannot be fully realized.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>

=== Superiority ===
{{Main article|The Superiority of the Imam}}
The Imam must surpass all Muslims in virtuous qualities such as knowledge, wisdom, generosity, nobility, courage, [[Magnanimity|magnanimity]], [[Justice|justice]], piety, and devotion, and must be the most exemplary.<ref>Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Inṣāf dar Imāmat, ṣ 32.</ref> The superiority of the Imam is a belief shared by certain sects, including the [[Zaydis]] and [[Ismailis]]. Furthermore, some scholars, like [[Mullā Ṣadrā]], maintain that the [[Imams]] are superior to all other creatures in their essence and occupy higher ranks in the hierarchy of creation.<ref>Subḥānī, Ja‘far (1387 sh), Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, j 1, Qom: Mu’assasa-ye Imām Ṣādiq, ṣ 426-430.</ref>

== Sunni Opinion on the Imam ==
Sa'd ad-Dīn at-Taftāzānī, in a relatively comprehensive list, enumerates the conditions for the Imam according to Sunni belief: maturity, justice, freedom, being male, ''[[Ijtihād|ijtihād]]'', courage, administrative competence, and [[Quraysh]]i descent. He explains that while the first four conditions are widely accepted, there are differences regarding ''ijtihād'', courage, and competence; some theologians do not consider these conditions mandatory, arguing that the scarcity of these qualities might impose undue burden. The Qurayshi lineage requirement is accepted by the majority of Muslims, though the [[Ijtihād|Khawārij]] and some [[Mu'tazilites]] oppose it.<ref>Taftāzānī, Sa‘d al-Dīn (1409 q), Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid (in Arabic), j 5, Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, ṣ 244.</ref>

[[Aḥmad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb an-Nuwayrī]], in his book ''[[Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab]]'', categorizes the conditions necessary for the role of Imam into conventional and religious requirements, and proceeds to elaborate on these conditions in a general classification.<ref>Nawawī, Aḥmad (1423 q), Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-Adab (in Arabic), j 6, al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmiyya, ṣ 1.</ref>

=== Condition of Lineage ===
The first condition established by Sunni sources for the Imam is Qurayshi descent. According to a [[Hadith|hadith]] cited by [[Sunnis]], the Imam must be from the Quraysh. Therefore, if no one among the Quraysh meets the necessary conditions for the Imamate, the Imam must be chosen from the tribe closest to the Quraysh, namely the Kināna tribe. In the absence of a qualified person from this tribe, the Imam will be chosen from other Arabs.<ref>Nawawī, Aḥmad (1423 q), Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-Adab (in Arabic), j 6, al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmiyya, ṣ 1-3.</ref>

=== Knowledge ===
The second important condition for the Imamate according to Sunnis is the Imam's knowledge and understanding of religious affairs. The Imam must be capable of understanding the administration of charity (''[[zakāt]]''), the conduct of [[jihād]], and the distribution of war spoils (''ghanīma''). The rationale for this condition is that if the Imam lacks sufficient knowledge of legal and religious matters, he cannot implement them effectively. An-Nawawī stated on this matter:
::"The presence of an Imam who does not know what the Imamate requires is equivalent to having no Imam at all."<ref>Nawawī, Aḥmad (1423 q), Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-Adab (in Arabic), j 6, al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmiyya, ṣ 2.</ref>

Sunni sources emphasize that the Imam must also possess prudence and courage in public affairs, military recruitment, and border defense, as well as the ability to make just decisions without being swayed by personal inclinations.<ref>Al-‘Abdarī al-Gharnāṭī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf (1416 q), al-Tāj wa al-Iklīl li-Mukhtaṣar Khalīl (in Arabic), j 8, bī-jā: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, ṣ 366.</ref>

=== Justice ===
According to Sunni theological sources, the Imam must be just and uphold justice in both religious and civil matters. One argument advanced by some Sunnis is that since the state of transgression (fisq) lies outside the realm of faith, a person in this state cannot exercise authority over Muslims. If a scholar of Qurayshi descent is unjust while another is just but less scholarly, the just one should be appointed as Imam, and if necessary, his decisions should be made in consultation with religious scholars.<ref>Nawawī, Aḥmad (1423 q), Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-Adab (in Arabic), j 6, al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmiyya, ṣ 2-3.</ref>

Some Sunni theological sources assert that the Imam must be just and pious to guide people toward truth, as an unjust person is unqualified to lead. Sunnis maintain that if enemies rise against the government, it becomes necessary to combat them if required. However, supporting a tyrannical ruler is prohibited, and the ruler must uphold justice.<ref>Al-‘Abdarī al-Gharnāṭī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf (1416 q), al-Tāj wa al-Iklīl li-Mukhtaṣar Khalīl (in Arabic), j 8, bī-jā: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, ṣ 366.</ref>

=== Nomination by the Previous Imam or Election by Forty Believers ===
If a person fulfills all the necessary conditions for the Imamate, and the previous Imam has designated them as successor, their appointment is valid. If the previous Imam has not designated a successor, but the Muslims require a new Imam, forty righteous and knowledgeable Muslims can, through deliberation and ''[[Ijtihād|ijtihād]]'', elect the Imam. In this election, preference should be given to the most knowledgeable candidate, followed by others.<ref>Nawawī, Aḥmad (1423 q), Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-Adab (in Arabic), j 6, al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmiyya, ṣ 1-3.</ref>

Judge 'Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Ījī stated:
::"The Imamate is established through the oath of allegiance (bay'a), as in the case of [[Abū Bakr]]'s Imamate... The consensus of the entire community is not necessary to establish the Imamate through bay'a, as there is no rational or textual evidence requiring the whole community's allegiance; the oath from one or two qualified decision-makers suffices to establish the Imamate."<ref>Qāḍī Ījī, Mawāqif, j 3, ṣ 594.</ref>

=== Rejection of Certain Conditions of the Imamate ===
Given that the three caliphs after the death of the [[Prophet of Islam]] peace and blessings of Allah be upon him lacked certain required conditions for the Imamate, this led to differences among Sunni scholars regarding the qualifications for the Imam. Judge 'Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Ījī, in his book Mawāqif, addresses these conditions, stating:
::"The Imamites maintain that the Imam must be Hashemite, knowledgeable in all religious matters, capable of performing miracles, and infallible. However, we reject these conditions due to the caliphate of Abū Bakr, who became Imam without possessing these qualities."<ref>Qāḍī Ījī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad, Mawāqif, j 3, ṣ 586, Dār al-Jīl, Bayrūt, 1417 q.</ref>

Judge Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī states:
::"The Imam need not be infallible regarding sin and error; neither must he be the most excellent member of the community, nor superior to others in knowledge. The majority hold that if the Imam becomes corrupt, oppresses the people, misappropriates their wealth, commits murder, neglects people's rights, or suspends prescribed penalties (ḥudūd), he should not be removed from the Imamate, and it is not permissible for people to rebel against him. Rather, obedience to the Imams remains obligatory, even if they are unjust."<ref>Bāqillānī, Tamhīd al-Awā’il wa Talkhīṣ al-Dalā’il, ṣ 470, Mu’assasa al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, Bayrūt, 1414 q.</ref>

{{answer end}}
{{مطالعه بیشتر}}

== References ==
{{footnotes|۲}}
{{tree
| main branch = ادیان و مذاهب
| subbranch1 = شیعه امامیه
| subbranch2 = عقاید شیعه
| subbranch3 =
}}
{{تکمیل مقاله
| شناسه = شد
| تیترها = شد
| ویرایش = شد
| لینک‌دهی =
| ناوبری =
| نمایه =شد
| تغییر مسیر =شد
| ارجاعات =
| بازبینی نویسنده =
| بازبینی =شد
| تکمیل =شد
| اولویت =ب
| کیفیت =ب
}}
{{text end}}

[[رده:اختلافات شیعه و سنی]]
[[fa:شرایط جانشین پیامبر(ص)]]
[[bn:মহনবী (সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া আলিহি)-এর উত্তরসূরির শর্তাবলী]]