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Hamedhakimipoor: ابرابزار

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{{text start}}
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What are the fundamental principles of religion?
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{{answer}}
'''The fundamental principles of Islam''' ('''Usūl ad-Dīn''') comprise ''[[at-Tawhīd]]'' (Divine Unity), ''[[an-Nubuwwat]]'' (Prophethood), and ''[[Al-Ma'ād|al-Ma'ād]]'' (Resurrection). These three principles are considered the foundation and pillars of the religion. Shia scholars have added ''[[al-'Adl]]'' (Divine Justice) and ''[[Al-Imāmat|al-Imāmat]]'' (Imamate), thus establishing five fundamental principles in Shia Islam. A person's lack of knowledge or belief in these fundamental principles places them outside the fold of [[Islam]].

The term "Usūl ad-Dīn" is not found in [[the Qur'an]] or the [[hadiths]]; rather, it is a term developed by theologians. The exact origin and time of this term's widespread adoption remain unclear. Those who introduced this term designated these beliefs as the foundations of religion because they considered religious sciences such as hadith, jurisprudence, and Qur'anic exegesis to be based upon these principles.

== History of the Term ==
The term ''Usūl ad-Dīn'' (fundamental principles of religion) has been widely recognized and has significantly influenced Islamic religious thought throughout history. However, neither the Qur'an nor the hadiths of the [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] schools explicitly categorize religious sciences into Usūl (principles) and [[Furū' ad-Dīn|Furū']] (branches). This indicates that these terms were later introduced by theologians.

Some Muslim scholars, notably [[Ibn Taymiyya]] (d. 728 AH), who view theological, rational, and philosophical sciences as contrary to religion and piety, take a particularly strict position on this matter. They contend that using terminology not found in [[The Qur'an|the Qur'an]] or hadiths, such as ''Usūl ad-Dīn'', contradicts the [[Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him)]] teachings.

However, the precise origin and popularization of this term remain unclear. Ibn an-Nadīm's attribution of a treatise titled ''Usūl al-Dīn'' to Abū Mūsā Murdār suggests that this term was already familiar and established by the early third century AH.<ref>Guzashteh, Nāṣir, "Uṣūl al-Dīn," Dāneshnāma-ye Īrān, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, j 4, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

== Position of the Fundamental Principles of Religion ==
Islam's fundamental principles are grounded in faith and belief in ''[[At-Tawhīd|at-Tawhīd]]'' (Divine Unity), ''[[An-Nubuwwat|an-Nubuwwat]]'' (Prophethood), and ''[[Al-Ma'ād|al-Ma'ād]]'' (Resurrection). These three principles form the foundation of Islamic faith, from which all other religious concepts derive their meaning. Thus, while Muslims may hold significantly different, even contradictory views regarding the details and interpretations of these beliefs, they maintain unanimous agreement on these fundamental principles.<ref>Jam‘ī az Nawīsandagān, "Islām," Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, j 8, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

Among [[Shia Imamite]] theologians, there are varying perspectives on the number and content of religion's fundamental principles. The predominant view holds that these principles comprise three: ''at-Tawhīd'', ''an-Nubuwwat'', and ''al-Ma'ād''. However, ''[[Al-'Adl|al-'Adl]]'' (Divine Justice) and ''[[Al-Imāmat|al-Imāmat]]'' (Imamate) are additionally recognized as distinct fundamental principles of Shiism.<ref>Guzashteh, Nāṣir, "Uṣūl al-Dīn," Dāneshnāma-ye Īrān, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, j 4, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref> Lack of knowledge or belief in these fundamental principles places one outside the fold of [[Islam]], while lack of knowledge or belief in the fundamentals of Shiism places one outside this school.<ref>Jam‘ī az Muḥaqqiqīn, "Uṣūl al-Dīn," Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, ṣ 51.</ref>

Many Islamic scholars maintain that blind imitation (''[[at-Taqlīd]]'') is impermissible regarding religious fundamentals, asserting that conviction in these principles must be founded on rational evidence. Some consider this position a scholarly consensus. However, others, including [[Abū Hanīfa]], [[Sufyān ath-Thūrī]], al-Awzā'ī, Mālik, Shāfi'ī, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and the traditionists (''[[Ahl al-Hadith]]''), hold that while reasoning about doctrinal principles is obligatory and its neglect constitutes sin, faith based on imitation remains valid.<ref>Jam‘ī az Muḥaqqiqīn, "Uṣūl al-Dīn," Dāneshnāma-ye Kalām-e Islāmī, ṣ 51.</ref>

According to numerous religious scholars, adherence to Islam necessitates belief in its fundamentals, and rejection of any single principle constitutes disbelief and warrants divine punishment. The originators of this term designated these beliefs as religion's foundations because they viewed religious sciences such as [[hadith]], jurisprudence, and Qur'anic exegesis as dependent upon these principles. They likened religion to a tree, with the fundamental principles serving as its roots, without which the tree cannot survive.<ref>Guzashteh, Nāṣir, "Uṣūl al-Dīn," Dāneshnāma-ye Īrān, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, j 4, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

== Examples of the Foundations of Religion ==
=== Tawhīd (Divine Unity) ===
''[[At-Tawhīd]]'' represents Islam's foundational doctrinal principle, encompassing both theoretical and practical dimensions. This principle affirms that [[God]] is unique, possessing all perfection, without equal, immutable, the sole Creator of the universe, and without associate. The governance of the world rests upon His will, and His knowledge and power encompass all existence. All beings must worship Him directly, without intermediaries. According to [[The Qur'an|the Qur'an]], belief in Divine Unity is inherent in human nature, and any [[polytheistic]] beliefs or practices represent deviations arising from psychological, environmental, geographical, or historical factors. All [[prophets (peace be upon them)]] were champions of ''at-Tawhīd'', dedicating themselves to eliminating polytheism and idolatrous practices.<ref>Ṭāramī-Rād, Ḥasan, wa Dīgarān, "Tawḥīd," Dāneshnāma-ye Jahān-e Islām, Bunyād-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Islāmī, 1393 sh, j 8, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

=== Nubuwwat (Prophethood) ===
Belief in [[prophethood]] affirms that [[Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him)]] is God's messenger and emissary, chosen by Him as the final prophet in the prophetic succession (peace be upon them). The Qur'an comprises [[divine revelations]] transmitted to him.<ref>Jam‘ī az Nawīsandagān, "Islām," Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, j 8, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

=== Ma'ād (Resurrection) ===
The term ''[[Al-Ma'ād|al-Ma'ād]]'' signifies "Return". In theological and philosophical discourse, it denotes the afterlife, when humanity will be resurrected. ''Al-Ma'ād'' marks the day of human accountability, where the righteous receive rewards for their virtuous deeds while the wicked face consequences for their misdeeds. This concept of afterlife and resurrection has historically been central to religious, theological, and philosophical discourse. Adherents of various faiths consider the afterlife a fundamental tenet of their belief system.<ref>Sajjādī, Ja‘far, Farhang-e Ma‘ārif-e Islāmī, j 3, ṣ 1815.</ref>

=== 'Adl (Divine Justice) ===
While [[divine justice]] represents one of God's active attributes, its prominence has grown through vigorous theological debates among the [[Ash'arites]], [[Shia]], and [[Mu'tazilites]]. These discussions led to the designation of Shia and Mu'tazilites as proponents of divine justice (''al-'Adlīyya''). Subsequently, justice became established among the distinctive doctrinal principles of Shiism. Many other divine attributes are intrinsically connected to justice, which encompasses doctrinal, ethical, and social dimensions. Hence, this principle merits recognition as one of Islam's foundational pillars.<ref>"[http://www.makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=42&lid=0&mid=412783&catid=-2 ‘Adl az Uṣūl al-Dīn], Pāygāh-e Iṭṭilā‘-Rasānī Daftar-e Āyat Allāh Makāram Shīrāzī, Intishār: 10 Mehr 1397 sh, Bāzdīd: 9 Ābān 1402 sh.</ref>

=== Imāmat ===
[[Imāmat]] constitutes a divinely ordained function, wherein the [[imams (peace be upon them)]] bear all prophetic responsibilities except receiving revelation. Consequently, [[infallibility]], which is essential for [[Prophethood|prophethood]], is equally requisite for the imamate. This distinctive attribute establishes imāmat as one of religion's foundational principles.<ref>[https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?lid=0&typeinfo=43&mid=393448 Ta‘rīf-e Imāmat], Pāygāh-e Iṭṭilā‘-Rasānī Daftar-e Āyat Allāh Makāram Shīrāzī, Intishār: 29 Farvardīn 1395 sh, Bāzdīd: 9 Ābān 1402 sh.</ref>

The imamate holds an unquestionably central position within Shia Islamic theological thought. The doctrine of divine designation (nass) and infallibility, coupled with the imams' unique status as spiritual and religious authorities, demonstrates the profound significance of this institution.<ref>Anṣārī, Ḥasan, "Imāmat," Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, Tehrān, Markaz-e Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī, ẕayl-e madkhal.</ref>

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[[fa:اصول دین]]
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[[ru:Основы религии]]

Fundamental Principles of Religion - Revision history

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