View source for Arrogance

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What is arrogance? 
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{{portal|واژه‌ها}}
{{رذائل اخلاقی}}
'''Arrogance''', or '''pride''', is viewing oneself as superior to others while belittling them through words or actions.
A sense of worthlessness and inner humiliation, along with the influence of [[Satan]], are seen as causes of arrogance. Remedies for arrogance include self-awareness, remembrance of death, and strengthening self-esteem.

At times, arrogance is directed toward God, which is considered the most severe form. Arrogance can also target prophets and the righteous, where a person considers themselves above them and thus refuses to follow their guidance.

== Conceptual Definition  ==
“''Kibr''” (''كبر'') refers to considering oneself superior to others<ref>1.	Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurʾān, Tehran, Nashr-i Kitāb, 1404 AH, pp. 421–422; ʿIlm Akhlāq-e Islāmī, trans. Jāmiʿ al-Saʿādāt, Intishārāt Ḥikmat, 3rd ed., 1363 SH, vol. 1, p. 417.</ref>, while “''Takabbur''” (''تكبر'') is the manifestation of this in words and actions. If this feeling of self-superiority remains hidden, it is termed “''Kibr''”, but when it becomes visible and one demeans others through speech or behavior, it is known as “''Takabbur''”.<ref>2.	Narāqī, Mullā Aḥmad, Miʿrāj al-Saʿādah, Mashhad, Intishārāt Nadā-yi Islāmī, 1st ed., 1362 SH, p. 176.</ref>

In Persian, the terms "''غرور''" (''Ghorur'') and "''تکبر''" (''Takabbur'') are often used interchangeably, though in Arabic, "''غرور''" (''Ghorur'') specifically means deception, differing from Takabbur.

=== Distinction from Conceit (ʻUjb) ===
{{همچنین ببینید|Conceit (ʻUjb)}}
[[Conceit]] (''ʻUjb'') is self-admiration.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh, Sharḥ Chehel Ḥadīth, Muʾassasah Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī, 2nd ed., 1371 SH, p. 79.</ref> A conceited person views themselves highly but does not necessarily consider themselves superior to others.<ref>Narāqī, Mullā Muḥammad Mahdī, Jāmiʿ al-Saʿādāt, annotated and edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Kalāntar, Maṭbaʿah al-Najaf, Muʾassasah Maṭbūʿāt-i Ismāʿīliyyān, vol. 1, pp. 344–351.</ref> In contrast, an arrogant person regards themselves as superior and looks down on others.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh, Sharḥ Chehel Ḥadīth, Muʾassasah Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī, 2nd ed., 1371 SH, p. 79.</ref>

=== Difference Between Divine and Human Arrogance ===
{{همچنین ببینید|The Meaning of Divine Arrogance}}
The difference between arrogance as an attribute of [[God]] and [[humans]] lies in its origin. Divine arrogance stems from [[God’s knowledge]], [[God’s power|power]], and [[God’s wisdom|wisdom]], while human arrogance arises from feelings of inferiority, ignorance, and weak will. 

[[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (AS)]] narrates that human arrogance is rooted in the sense of insignificance and lowliness a person feels within themselves.<ref>Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb, Uṣūl al-Kāfī, with translation and commentary by Sayyid Javād Muṣṭafavī, vol. 3, under the chapter "Kibr."</ref> To mask this deficiency, humans exhibit arrogance, claiming a status they do not possess.

== Status ==
In the Quran, arrogance and the arrogant person are addressed. For instance, in the verse: {{quran|کَذٰلِکَ یَطْبَعُ اللَّهُ عَلَیٰ کُلِّ قَلْبِ مُتَکَبِّرٍ جَبَّار
| سوره = Al-Ghafer
| آیه = 35
| ترجمه = “Thus does Allah seal the heart of every arrogant tyrant”.
}} it refers to the arrogant individual. In verse 34 of [[Surah Al-Baqarah]], arrogance is also highlighted when [[Iblis]] refused to prostrate to [[Adam (AS)]] as God had commanded.

Arrogance is regarded as the first [[Sin|sin]] committed in the world. According to [[Imam Ali (AS)]] in the [[Sermon of Al-Qasi’a]], Iblis's arrogance nullified his six thousand years of worship.<ref>Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāghah, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyyah, 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 127.</ref> In another narration, arrogance is considered the gravest of sins.<ref>Shafīʿī, Muḥammad, Parvarish-e Rūḥ dar Partow-e Chehel Ḥadīth, Daftar Tablīghāt-e Islāmī, 1st ed., 1370 SH, vol. 1, p. 280.</ref>

== Types of Arrogance ==
Arrogance can be categorized as follows:
# '''Arrogance toward God''': At times, arrogance is directed toward God<ref>Dastghayb, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, Gunāhān-e Kabīrah, Ārmān Press, vol. 2, pp. 111–132.</ref>, where an individual refuses to submit to [[God’s servitude]] and does not consider worship exclusive to Him. This type of arrogance, exemplified by figures like [[Nimrod]] and [[Pharaoh]], is rooted in rebellion and ignorance and is seen as the most despicable form of arrogance.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn, al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurʾān, Tehran, Nashr-i Kitāb, 1404 AH, pp. 421–422.</ref>
# '''Arrogance toward the Prophets and Righteous Figures''': Arrogance can also manifest against the prophets and righteous individuals, where a person deems themselves above them and refuses to obey them.This type of arrogance is alluded to in the verse: {{quran|فَقَالُوا أَنُؤْمِنُ لِبَشَرَیْنِ مِثْلِنَا وَقَوْمُهُمَا لَنَا عَابِدُون
| سوره = Al-Munenoun
| آیه = 47
| ترجمه = And they said, ‘Shall we believe in two humans like ourselves, while their people are in servitude to us?’
}}
# '''Arrogance toward God’s Servants''': Sometimes, arrogance is directed at believers and servants of God, where an individual views themselves as superior and belittles others.<ref>Narāqī, Aḥmad, Miʿrāj al-Saʿādah, p. 178.</ref>  This type of arrogance, as it leads to opposition against God, is considered a trait that leads to a person’s ruin.<ref>ʿIlm Akhlāq-e Islāmī, trans. Jāmiʿ al-Saʿādāt, Intishārāt Ḥikmat, 3rd ed., 1363 SH, vol. 1, p. 417.</ref>

== Causes==
{{اصلی|Causes of Arrogance}}
The causes of arrogance include personality disorders, ignorance of one's own weaknesses, and the influence of [[Satan]] over a person. A sense of humiliation and lowliness is one of the personality disorders that can lead to arrogance.

== Remedies ==
{{اصلی|Remedies for Arrogance}}
Several approaches are suggested to cure arrogance, including:
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* [[Self-awareness]]<ref>Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Biḥār al-Anwār, Beirut, vol. 78, p. 94.</ref>
* [[Remembrance of death]]<ref>Shafīʿī, Muḥammad, Parvarish-e Rūḥ dar Partow-e Chehel Ḥadīth, Daftar Tablīghāt-e Islāmī, 1st ed., 1370 SH, vol. 1, p. 491.</ref>
* [[Worship]]<ref>Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Muḥammad, Mīzān al-Ḥikmah, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1st ed., vol. 3, p. 2657; Shafīʿī, Muḥammad, Parvarish-e Rūḥ dar Partow-e Chehel Ḥadīth, Daftar Tablīghāt-e Islāmī, 1st ed., 1370 SH, vol. 1, p. 492.</ref>
* [[Humility]]<ref>Shafīʿī, Muḥammad, Parvarish-e Rūḥ dar Partow-e Chehel Ḥadīth, Daftar Tablīghāt-e Islāmī, vol. 1, p. 491.</ref>
* Reflecting on the consequences of arrogance
* [[Strengthening self-esteem]]
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Recognizing one’s own weaknesses, especially in birth and [[death]], helps to eliminate arrogance.<ref>Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Biḥār al-Anwār, Beirut, vol. 78, p. 94.</ref> Worship, which reflects humility before God, also diminishes the sense of arrogance.
One of the factors of arrogance is a [[sense of inferiority]]; hence, strengthening self-esteem is considered an effective remedy.<ref>Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Muḥammad, Mīzān al-Ḥikmah, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1st ed., vol. 3, p. 2657; Shafīʿī, Muḥammad, Parvarish-e Rūḥ dar Partow-e Chehel Ḥadīth, Daftar Tablīghāt-e Islāmī, 1st ed., 1370 SH, vol. 1, p. 492.</ref>

== Ruling on Arrogance for Women ==
{{اصلی|Ruling on Arrogance for Women}}
In a narration from [[Imam Ali (AS)]], a woman’s arrogance toward [[Non-mahram|non-mahram]] men is considered commendable. According to this narration, this is due to the preservation of a woman's dignity and protection from potential harm.<ref>Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Muḥammad, Munta khab al-Ḥikmah, trans. Ḥamīd Riḍā Shaykhī, Qom, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1382 SH, vol. 2, p. 910.</ref> This arrogance does not mean belittling the non-mahram but rather implies presenting a sense of self-respect to prevent objectification.

Arrogance, defined as "belittling others," is impermissible and considered sinful for both men and women.

== References ==
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| subbranch1 = رذائل اخلاقی
| subbranch2 = تکبر
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