View source for Thirst of Imam Husayn (a) and His Companions in Karbala

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After the 7th of Muharram, what was the water situation in the tents of Imam al-Husayn (a)?
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'''The Thirst of Imam al-Husayn (a) and His Companions in Karbala''' is considered one of the historical and impactful truths of the event of Karbala, influencing other aspects of this tragedy. In the [[Event of Karbala]], the importance of water was so significant that conflicts over it began several days before [[Ashura]] and continued until the end of the battle on the day of Ashura. According to historical sources, the denial of water by the Kufan army was a military strategy implemented from the very beginning of the Karbala incident.

After the Kufan army blocked access to water, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his companions tried various ways to access water, including digging wells and attempting to reach the Euphrates River through combat. In historical texts related to the Karbala incident, Imam al-Husayn (a), his family, and his companions repeatedly mentioned the lack of water and their thirst, striving to alleviate it. Narrations from the [[Infallibles (a)]] also refer to the thirst of Imam al-Husayn (a), his family, and his companions during the event of Ashura.

==Significance and Background==
In historical sources, the thirst of Imam al-Husayn's (a) caravan and the denial of water by their enemies are considered historical facts and serious issues of that event.<ref>Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Muhammad ibn Ali, "Al-Futuh," researched by Ali Shirazi, Dar al-Adwa, 1411 AH, vol. 5, p. 92; also: Motahhari, Morteza, "Hamaseh-ye Husseini," Tehran, Sadra Publications, 1376 AH, vol. 1, p. 217.</ref> According to researchers, in the [[Event of Karbala]], the lack of water and thirst held special significance, to the extent that it influenced other events of the tragedy, and a significant portion of the dialogues between the two armies revolved around water. The importance of water in Karbala was such that conflicts over it began several days before Ashura and continued until the end of the battle on the day of Ashura.<ref>Foroughi Abri, Asghar, "The Issue of Water in Karbala," Tarikh dar Ayeneh-ye Pajoohesh, No. 4, 1382 AH, p. 133.</ref>

In the event of Karbala, water was used as a military weapon by the Kufan army against Imam Husayn's (a) caravan.<ref>Foroughi Abri, "The Issue of Water in Karbala," p. 134.</ref> The use of water as a military tactic has precedents in some conflicts in Islamic history, such as during the [[Battle of Badr]],<ref>Ibn Athir, Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad, "Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh," Beirut, Dar Sader and Dar Beirut, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 122.</ref> the siege of the third caliph's house,<ref>Ibn Athir, "Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh," Beirut, vol. 3, p. 172.</ref> and during the [[Battle of Siffin]].<ref>Naqri, Nasr ibn Muzahim, "Waq'at Siffin," researched by Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun, Cairo, Al-Mu'assasa al-Arabiyya al-Haditha, 1382 AH, pp. 160-162.</ref> During the event of Karbala, [[Umar ibn Sa'ad|Umar b. Sa'ad]], on the orders of Ibn Ziyad, blocked access to water for Imam al-Husayn (a), his companions, and his family.<ref>Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, "Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings)," Leiden, Netherlands, Brill Press, 1879 CE, vol. 4, p. 311.</ref> This was despite the fact that earlier, Imam al-Husayn (a) had personally given water to the thirsty soldiers of [[Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi|Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi]]'s army.<ref>Tabari, "Tarikh al-Tabari," vol. 4, p. 302.</ref>

==Historical Process of Water Blockade in Karbala==
According to historical sources, the denial of water by [[Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad|Ubaydullah b. Ziyad]] was a military strategy implemented from the very beginning of the Karbala incident. In a letter to Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi, the commander of the first army to confront Imam al-Husayn's (a) caravan, Ibn Ziyad ordered him to tighten the situation for [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and to force the caravan to settle in a waterless desert.<ref>Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya, "Jumal min Ansab al-Ashraf," researched by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi, Beirut, Dar al-Ta'aruf lil-Matbu'at, 1398 AH, vol. 3, p. 176.</ref>

Additionally, Shimr b. Dhi al-Jawshan delivered a letter from Ibn Ziyad to Umar b. Sa'ad, in which Ibn Ziyad ordered that upon receiving the letter, Ibn Sa'ad's army should prevent Imam al-Husayn (a) from accessing the Euphrates.<ref>Tabari, "Tarikh al-Tabari," vol. 4, p. 311.</ref> Based on this order, Umar b. Sa'ad assigned Amr b. Hajjaj al-Zubaydi with five hundred horsemen to block access to the Euphrates for Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions and to guard the riverbank.<ref>Khawarizmi, Muwaffaq ibn Ahmad, "Maqtal al-Khawarizmi," researched by Sheikh Muhammad Samawi, n.p., Anwar al-Huda Publications, 1423 AH, vol. 1, p. 347.</ref> The order in this letter was implemented by Umar b. Sa'ad's army three days before the event of Ashura.<ref>Tabari, "Tarikh al-Tabari," vol. 4, p. 312.</ref>

In another narration, it is mentioned that Umar b. Sa'ad, in a letter, ordered Amr b. Hajjaj's army to prevent Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions from accessing water from the wells they had dug to reach the Euphrates. In this letter, Ibn Sa'ad ordered that not even a drop of water from the Euphrates should reach Imam al-Husayn's (a) caravan.<ref>Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, "Al-Futuh," vol. 5, p. 91.</ref>

==Efforts of Imam al-Husayn (a) and His Companions to Access Water==
After the Kufan army blocked access to water, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his companions tried various ways to access water. In one miraculous narration, it is mentioned that Imam al-Husayn (a) went behind the women's tents and dug the ground at a distance of nineteen steps from the tents. As a result, sweet and pure water emerged, from which everyone drank and filled their water skins. Then the water disappeared, and no trace of it remained.<ref>Khawarizmi, "Maqtal al-Khawarizmi," vol. 1, p. 346.</ref> Additionally, in another narration, it is mentioned that Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions dug wells to access water.<ref>Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, "Al-Futuh," vol. 5, p. 91.</ref>

Another method used by Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions to access water was going to the Euphrates River, engaging with its guards, overcoming them, and bringing back water. For example, once [[Ali Akbar (a)|Ali al-Akbar (a)]] reached the river with a group of companions and brought back water.<ref>Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali, "Al-Amali," Qom, Al-Bi'tha Foundation, 1417 AH, p. 221.</ref> Also, on the evening of Tasu'a, under Imam Husayn's (a) orders, [[Abbas (a)]] along with Nafi' b. Hilal al-Jamali, thirty horsemen, and twenty foot soldiers, filled twenty water skins from the Euphrates after engaging with the river guards and brought them to the tents.<ref>Abi Mikhnaf, Lut ibn Yahya, "Waq'at al-Taff," researched by Muhammad Hadi al-Yusufi al-Gharawi, Qom, Al-Nashr al-Islami Foundation, 1376 AH, p. 191.</ref> Another time, when Abbas (a) went to fetch water from the river, it led to his [[martyrdom]].<ref>Ibn Shahr Ashub, Muhammad ibn Ali, "Manaqib Al Abi Talib," Najaf, Haydariyya Press, 1376 AH, vol. 3, p. 256.</ref>

== Effects of Water Shortage in Imam al-Husayn's (a) Army==
After the Kufan army blocked access to water, the Kufans tried to emphasize this issue in their conversations with Imam Husayn's (a) companions, portraying water as inaccessible to Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions.<ref>Tabari, "Tarikh al-Tabari," vol. 4, p. 312.</ref> In the dialogues between Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions and the Kufan soldiers, the condition of the women and children in Imam al-Husayn's (a) caravan due to the lack of water was mentioned, and the Kufans' denial of water was condemned.<ref>Baladhuri, "Ansab al-Ashraf," vol. 3, p. 189.</ref>

There are narrations about the thirst of the women and children in Imam Husayn's (a) caravan during [[Ashura]]. For example, in a conversation between Imam al-Husayn (a) and [[Ali Akbar (a)]], after one of Ali Akbar's (a) battles, he complained to his father about the suffering caused by thirst.<ref>Sayed ibn Tawus, Ali ibn Musa, "Al-Luhuf fi Qatla al-Tufuf," Tehran, Jahan Publications, 1348 AH, p. 113.</ref> Additionally, the killing of Imam Husayn's (a) infant son occurred after Imam al-Husayn (a) requested the Kufan army to quench his thirst. Sources mention that Imam al-Husayn (a) told the Kufans that his infant son was writhing in thirst.<ref>Sayed ibn Tawus, "Al-Luhuf," p. 169.</ref> Also, when [[Abbas (a)]] asked Imam al-Husayn (a) for permission to go to battle, Imam al-Husayn (a) asked him to provide water for the thirsty children.<ref>Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Taqi, "Bihar al-Anwar," Beirut, Al-Wafa Foundation, 1403 AH, vol. 41, p. 45.</ref> According to sources, the cries of the thirsty children motivated Abbas (a) to fetch water instead of fighting.<ref>Majlisi, "Bihar al-Anwar," vol. 41, p. 45.</ref> It is also narrated that Imam al-Husayn (a), due to extreme thirst during the battle on [[Ashura]], saw the sky as smoke.<ref>Attardi, Azizullah, "Musnad al-Imam al-Shahid Abi Abdillah al-Husayn ibn Ali (a)," Tehran, Attar Publications, 1376 AH, vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>

==Thirst in Karbala in the Words of the Infallibles (a) ==
In narrations from the [[Infallibles (a)]], the thirst of Imam al-Husayn (a), his family, and his companions during the event of Ashura is mentioned. For example: 

*It is narrated from the [[Prophet (PBUH)|Prophet (s)]] that he said to [[Lady Fatimah (a)|Lady Fatima (a)]]: "Gabriel came to me and gave me the glad tidings of two sons from you; then he consoled me regarding one of them, and I knew that he would be killed thirsty and alone."<ref>Tabari al-Saghir, Muhammad ibn Jarir, "Dala'il al-Imamah," Qom, Al-Bi'tha Foundation, vol. 1, p. 102.</ref>
*During the [[Battle of Siffin]], after Imam al-Husayn (a) provided water for the Kufan soldiers on his father's orders, [[Imam Ali (a)]] wept. He explained his weeping by saying: "I remembered that my son  [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|Husayn (a)]] would be killed thirsty in the land of Karbala."<ref>Majlisi, "Bihar al-Anwar," vol. 44, p. 266.</ref>
*[[Imam Sajjad (a)|Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] is narrated to have written on the soil of Imam al-Husayn's (a) grave with his fingers: {{Arabic|هذا قَبرُ حُسَینِ بنِ عَلی بنِ أبی‌طالِبٍ الَّذی قَتَلُوهُ عَطشاناً غَریباً|translation=This is the grave of Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was killed thirsty and alone}}.<ref>Behbahani, Muhammad Baqir ibn Abd al-Karim, "Al-Dam'ah al-Sakibah fi Ahwal al-Nabi (PBUH) wa al-Itrah al-Tahirah," Beirut, Maktabat al-Ulum al-Amma, 1408-1409 AH, vol. 5, p. 13.</ref>
* Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a): {{Arabic|إِنَّ الْحُسَيْنَ صَاحِبَ كَرْبَلَاءَ قُتِلَ مَظْلُوماً مَكْرُوباً عَطْشَاناً لَهْفَاناً...|translation=Husayn (a), the martyr of Karbala, was killed oppressed, sorrowful, thirsty, and wronged...}}.<ref>Ibn Qulawayh, Ja'far ibn Muhammad, "Kamil al-Ziyarat," researched by Abd al-Husayn Amini, Najaf, Dar al-Murtadawiyya, 1356 AH, vol. 1, p. 168.</ref>
*[[Imam Sadiq (a)|Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] narrated from his grandfather Imam al-Sajjad (a) that Imam al-Husayn (a) was killed thirsty.<ref>Sayed ibn Tawus, "Al-Luhuf," p. 121.</ref>
*[[Imam Mahdi (a)|Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] in the [[Ziyarat Nahiyah al-Muqaddasah|Ziyara Nahiya al-Muqaddasah]] mentioned the denial of water to Imam al-Husayn (a) and his thirst.<ref>Majlisi, "Bihar al-Anwar," vol. 101, p. 121.</ref>

==References==
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