The Fate of Karbala Martyrs' Heads: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 01:43, 1 March 2025
What became of the martyrs' heads from Karbala, particularly the sacred head of Imam al-Husayn (peace be upon her)?
All martyrs' heads, except those of Ali Asghar (peace be upon her) and Hurr b. Yazid ar-Riyāhi, were severed and transported with the captives' caravan from Karbala to Kufa and Damascus. Most Shia scholars maintain that Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head was eventually returned to Karbala after its journey to Kufa and Damascus, and was buried with his body. Alternative accounts suggest that his head was interred in Damascus or Egypt. Some sources indicate it was initially buried in Medina or Najaf before being returned to Karbala for final burial.
Regarding the other martyrs' heads, the predominant view holds that they were returned to Karbala for burial. However, a mausoleum in Damascus's Bab as-Saghir cemetery is attributed to the Karbala martyrs' heads.
Decapitation of Karbala Martyrs, Except Two Following Imam al-Husayn's (a) Martyrdom
Umar b. Sa'ad ordered the decapitation of all martyrs. Only two were spared:
- Ali Asghar (peace be upon her), whose head remained intact as Imam al-Husayn (peace be upon her) had already buried it.
- Hurr b. Yazid ar-Riyahi, whose tribe and relatives prevented his decapitation.[1]
The martyrs' heads were distributed among various tribes, who carried them to Kufa and Damascus for rewards. After some time in Kufa, the heads were transported to Damascus with the captives' caravan.[1]
The Fate of Imam al-Husayn's (a) Head
Different accounts exist regarding the final resting place of Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head:
Return to Karbala
Most Shia scholars maintain that Imam as-Sajjād (peace be upon her) returned to Karbala on Arba'in (20th of Safar, 61 AH) and buried Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head there.[2] Sayyid Ibn Tāwūs, a 7th-century Shia scholar, records in al-Luhūf that the head was returned from Damascus and buried with the body in Karbala.[3] Sayyid Asrār Husayni Tunkābuni, in Masā'ib al-Hudā, considers this the most widely accepted account among various opinions.[4]
Burial in Egypt
Some sources claim that Fatimid caliphs transported the head from Damascus's Bab al-Farādis to 'Asqlān, between Damascus and Egypt, and finally to Egypt for burial at a known location.[5] However, Sibt b. al-Jawzi, a 7th-century Sunni historian, considers this account unverified.[5] Imam Yāfi'i, an 8th-century AH Yemeni scholar, rejects in Mir'āt al-Janān the notion of the head's transfer to 'Asqlān or Cairo.[6]
This latter view is primarily associated with Sunni scholars.[5]
Burial of Imam's (a) Head in Najaf
According to a hadith, Imam Ja'far as-Sādiq (peace be upon her) informed a pilgrim to Najaf that they would find two tombs: a larger one for Imam Ali (peace be upon her) and a smaller one for Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head.[7] It is also recorded that when Imam Ja'far as-Sādiq (peace be upon her) visited Najaf, he performed two rak'ahs of prayer at the site of Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head burial.[8]
Sayyid b. Tāwūs reports that after its burial in Najaf, Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head was later transferred to Karbala to reunite with his body.[9] The author of Jawāhir al-Kalām, after citing Sayyid b. Tāwūs's hadiths, suggests the head may have been temporarily interred in Najaf before its final burial in Karbala. He also relates a hadith where Imam Ja'far as-Sādiq (peace be upon her) prayed en route to Najaf, stating: ::«».[10]
Alternative Accounts
One hadith, reported by Zubayr b. Bakkār, claims Yazid sent Imam al-Husayn's (peace be upon her) head to Medina's governor, who buried it in Jannat al-Baqi'.[11] Shia scholars dismiss this account as propaganda from the Prophet's family's opponents, though its proponents also believe the head was eventually transferred to Karbala.[12] Some historians have also documented the head's burial in Damascus.[13]
The Other Martyrs' Heads
Most Shia scholars hold that Imam Zayn al-'Ābidin (peace be upon her) reached Karbala on Arba'in and buried the other martyrs' heads.[2] The author of Maqtal al-Husayn cites multiple Shia and Sunni sources confirming the martyrs' heads were returned to Karbala for burial.[14]
A mausoleum in Damascus's Bab as-Saghir cemetery, known as Mashhad Rū'ūs ash-Shuhadā' Karbalā, is believed to contain many Karbala martyrs' remains.[15]
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Abū Mikhnaf, Wāqi‘at al-Ṭaff, taḥqīq: Yūsufī Gharawī, tarjuma: Jawād Sulaymānī, ṣ 192 wa 199, Nashr Mu’assasa-ye Imām Khomeinī, Qom.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Qāḍī Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Taḥqīq darbāra-ye Awwalīn Arba‘īn Ḥaḍrat Sayyid al-Shuhadā, j 3, ṣ 304, Nāshir: Bunyād-e ‘Ilmī wa Farhangī-ye Shahīd Qāḍī.
- ↑ Sayyid ibn Ṭāwūs, Al-Luhūf, ṣ 112, chāp-e dovvom, Ṣaydā.
- ↑ Qāḍī Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Taḥqīq darbāra-ye Awwalīn Arba‘īn Ḥaḍrat Sayyid al-Shuhadā, ṣ 337.
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lawāji‘ al-Ashjān, ṣ 247. Similarly
- ↑ Mir’āt al-Jinān, Yāfi‘ī, j 1, ṣ 136, ṭab‘: Ḥaydarābād, 1337 q.
- ↑ Ibn Qūlūwayh, Kāmil al-Ziyārāt, 1356 sh, ṣ 35.
- ↑ Nigāh konīd bih Wasā’il al-Shī‘a, j 10, Bāb 33, az Abwāb al-Mazār, chāp-e Islāmiyya, Tehrān.
- ↑ Jawāhir al-Kalām, j 20, ṣ 93.
- ↑ Jawāhir al-Kalām, j 20, ṣ 93.
- ↑ Shadhārāt al-Dhahab, ‘Imād Ḥanbalī, j 1, ṣ 67; al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, Ibn Kathīr, j 8, ṣ 204.
- ↑ Qāḍī Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Taḥqīq darbāra-ye Awwalīn Arba‘īn Ḥaḍrat Sayyid al-Shuhadā, ṣ 318.
- ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1996 m, j 3, ṣ 214.
- ↑ Maqtal al-Ḥusayn (‘a), Sayyid ‘Abd al-Razzāq Muqarram, ṣ 470, Qom.
- ↑ Ḥusayn: Nafs-e Muṭma’inna, Muḥammad ‘Alī ‘Ālamī, ṣ 365, Intishārāt-e Hād, chāp-e awwal, 1372 sh.