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Anti-colonial actions of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi in Iran: Difference between revisions
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Anti-colonial actions of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi in Iran were efforts to attract and nurture talented individuals to raise awareness among the Iranian people and elevate the political consciousness of scholars to combat colonialism in events such as the [[Tobacco Protest]]. | |||
[[Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi]] or Sayyid Jamal al-Din Afghani (1254–1314 AH) was a Muslim scholar who believed in fighting colonialism and [[Islamic unity]]. He considered the most significant and chronic ailment of Islamic society to be internal despotism and external colonialism. Throughout his life, he fiercely opposed these two forces. Asadabadi believed that political awareness and active participation of Muslims in politics were essential to combat these factors. | [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi]] or Sayyid Jamal al-Din Afghani (1254–1314 AH) was a Muslim scholar who believed in fighting colonialism and [[Islamic unity]]. He considered the most significant and chronic ailment of Islamic society to be internal despotism and external colonialism. Throughout his life, he fiercely opposed these two forces. Asadabadi believed that political awareness and active participation of Muslims in politics were essential to combat these factors. | ||
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Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi identified internal despotism and external colonialism as the most significant and chronic issues facing Islamic society. He fought vigorously against these during his lifetime. Asadabadi believed that political awareness and active participation of Muslims in politics were necessary to combat these issues.<ref>Motahhari, Morteza, "A Brief Review of Islamic Movements in the Last Century," Tehran, Sadra Publications, 1373 SH, p. 15.</ref> He argued that the most harmful consequence of neo-colonialism was the eradication of the culture and identity of nations. In his view, cultural colonialism paved the way for political and economic colonialism.<ref>Sahebi, Mohammad Javad, "Reformist Thought in Islamic Movements," Qom, Islamic Propagation Office Press, 1376 SH, pp. 156–157.</ref> | Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi identified internal despotism and external colonialism as the most significant and chronic issues facing Islamic society. He fought vigorously against these during his lifetime. Asadabadi believed that political awareness and active participation of Muslims in politics were necessary to combat these issues.<ref>Motahhari, Morteza, "A Brief Review of Islamic Movements in the Last Century," Tehran, Sadra Publications, 1373 SH, p. 15.</ref> He argued that the most harmful consequence of neo-colonialism was the eradication of the culture and identity of nations. In his view, cultural colonialism paved the way for political and economic colonialism.<ref>Sahebi, Mohammad Javad, "Reformist Thought in Islamic Movements," Qom, Islamic Propagation Office Press, 1376 SH, pp. 156–157.</ref> | ||
Sayyid Jamal al-Din's efforts in the fight against colonialism gained attention across the Islamic world, influencing subsequent Islamic movements. [[Mohammad Mohit Tabatabai]] (1280–1371 SH), a researcher of Iranian history and culture, noted that European | Sayyid Jamal al-Din's efforts in the fight against colonialism gained attention across the Islamic world, influencing subsequent Islamic movements. [[Mohammad Mohit Tabatabai|Muhammad Muhit Tabataba'i]] (1280–1371 SH), a researcher of Iranian history and culture, noted that European Orientalists and scholars sought to understand the principles of political and social movements in Islamic countries and recognized Sayyid Jamal al-Din's role in the growth of Islamic movements. They found that his ideas had a distinct impact on various political, social, literary, philosophical, educational, and revolutionary movements in the Islamic East.<ref>Mohit Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad, "Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and the Awakening of the East," edited by Sayyid Hadi Khosrowshahi, Tehran, Kelbeh Shoruq, 1380 SH, p. 4.</ref> | ||
== Attracting and nurturing talented individuals to raise awareness among the Iranian people == | == Attracting and nurturing talented individuals to raise awareness among the Iranian people == | ||
During his time in Iran, Sayyid Jamal al-Din invited individuals to join him in guiding various segments of Iranian society against internal despotism and foreign colonial powers.<ref>Raein, Ismail, "Secret Societies in the Constitutional Revolution," Tehran, Javidan Publications, 1345 SH, pp. 38–39.</ref> | During his time in Iran, Sayyid Jamal al-Din invited individuals to join him in guiding various segments of Iranian society against internal despotism and foreign colonial powers.<ref>Raein, Ismail, "Secret Societies in the Constitutional Revolution," Tehran, Javidan Publications, 1345 SH, pp. 38–39.</ref> | ||
Among those who collaborated with Sayyid Jamal al-Din were [[Mirza Agha Khan Kermani]], Sheikh Ahmad Ruhi, and Mirza Hassan Khan Khabir al- | Among those who collaborated with Sayyid Jamal al-Din were [[Mirza Agha Khan Kermani]], Sheikh Ahmad Ruhi, and Mirza Hassan Khan Khabir al-Mulk. These individuals left Iran during the despotism of [[Nasser al-Din Shah]] and went to Istanbul, where Iranian intellectuals had gathered, forming the nucleus of the Iranian movement and working to awaken the thoughts of the Iranian people.<ref>Raein, "Secret Societies in the Constitutional Revolution," pp. 38–39.</ref> | ||
== Raising the political awareness of scholars to combat colonialism == | == Raising the political awareness of scholars to combat colonialism == | ||
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In a letter to Iranian scholars, Sayyid Jamal al-Din pointed out the European governments' plans to infiltrate the country and wrote about their conspiracies: "Wherever the power of scholars has diminished, the power of Europeans has increased, to the extent that they have shattered the glory of Islam and erased the name of religion from those places."<ref>Sahebi, "Reformist Thought in Islamic Movements," pp. 156–157.</ref> | In a letter to Iranian scholars, Sayyid Jamal al-Din pointed out the European governments' plans to infiltrate the country and wrote about their conspiracies: "Wherever the power of scholars has diminished, the power of Europeans has increased, to the extent that they have shattered the glory of Islam and erased the name of religion from those places."<ref>Sahebi, "Reformist Thought in Islamic Movements," pp. 156–157.</ref> | ||
[[Shahid Motahhari]] stated that Sayyid Jamal al-Din's approach towards the Shia clergy had a profound impact, both in the Tobacco Protest led by scholars and in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution supported by them.<ref>Motahhari, Morteza, "Islamic Movements in the Last Century," Tehran, Sadra Publications, 1382 SH, p. 18.</ref> | [[Shahid Motahhari|the Martyr Motahhari]] stated that Sayyid Jamal al-Din's approach towards the Shia clergy had a profound impact, both in the Tobacco Protest led by scholars and in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution supported by them.<ref>Motahhari, Morteza, "Islamic Movements in the Last Century," Tehran, Sadra Publications, 1382 SH, p. 18.</ref> | ||
== Sayyid Jamal al-Din's actions in the Tobacco Protest == | == Sayyid Jamal al-Din's actions in the Tobacco Protest == | ||
One of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi's anti-colonial activities was his opposition to the [[Tobacco Concession Agreement]] with the British colonial government. The agreement was signed on 28 Rajab 1307 AH in fifteen chapters.<ref>Qodsizadeh, Parvin, "Tobacco Protest," Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Tehran, Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, 1393, under the entry.</ref> The signing of this agreement provoked strong opposition from Sayyid Jamal al-Din. At the time of the agreement, Sayyid Jamal al-Din, who had been expelled from Iran for opposing such actions, was in Basra and sent a detailed letter to the then-marja', [[Mirza Shirazi]], warning him of the dangers of such treaties.<ref>Mohit Tabatabai, "Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and the Awakening of the East," p. 73.</ref> | One of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi's anti-colonial activities was his opposition to the [[Tobacco Concession Agreement]] with the British colonial government. The agreement was signed on 28 Rajab 1307 AH in fifteen chapters.<ref>Qodsizadeh, Parvin, "Tobacco Protest," Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Tehran, Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, 1393, under the entry.</ref> The signing of this agreement provoked strong opposition from Sayyid Jamal al-Din. At the time of the agreement, Sayyid Jamal al-Din, who had been expelled from Iran for opposing such actions, was in Basra and sent a detailed letter to the then-marja', [[Mirza Shirazi]], warning him of the dangers of such treaties.<ref>Mohit Tabatabai, "Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and the Awakening of the East," p. 73.</ref> | ||
Influenced by Sayyid Jamal al-Din's letter, Mirza Shirazi sent a telegram to the Shah protesting the agreement on behalf of the scholars and the general public, demanding its cancellation. However, the Qajar Shah ignored this letter. Mirza Shirazi, considering the cancellation of the concession a religious duty, sent another telegram to Nasser al-Din Shah despite the Shah's indifference.<ref>Nazem al-Islam Kermani, Mohammad bin Ali, "History of the Awakening of Iranians," edited by Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani, Tehran, 1357 SH, vol. 1, p. 34.</ref> When this second telegram was also ignored, Mirza Shirazi issued a historic fatwa prohibiting the use of tobacco in response to a question about its consumption.<ref>Keddie, Nikki, "The Tobacco Protest in Iran," translated by Shahrokh Qaem-Maqami, Tehran, Pocket Books Publications, 1358 SH, p. 125.</ref> | Influenced by Sayyid Jamal al-Din's letter, Mirza Shirazi sent a telegram to the Shah protesting the agreement on behalf of the scholars and the general public, demanding its cancellation. However, the Qajar Shah ignored this letter. Mirza Shirazi, considering the cancellation of the concession a religious duty, sent another telegram to Nasser al-Din Shah despite the Shah's indifference.<ref>Nazem al-Islam Kermani, Mohammad bin Ali, "History of the Awakening of Iranians," edited by Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani, Tehran, 1357 SH, vol. 1, p. 34.</ref> When this second telegram was also ignored, Mirza Shirazi issued a historic fatwa prohibiting the use of tobacco in response to a question about its consumption.<ref>Keddie, Nikki, "The Tobacco Protest in Iran," translated by Shahrokh Qaem-Maqami, Tehran, Pocket Books Publications, 1358 SH, p. 125.</ref> | ||
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